Works Cited, Footnotes and Parentheticals

            The following are examples of various types of references that are commonly used in footnotes, parentheticals and a works cited list.  The Modern Language Association (MLA) Style Sheet is the source for these examples.  Please see the end of the page for additional information on works cited, footnotes and parentheticals.

 

Book Entry

            1. Author’s last name, first name

            2. Title

            3. City of publication

            4. Publisher

            5. Year of publication.

            Works Cited Example:  Book with one author

            Wise, William.  In the Strange World of Sea Mammals.  New York:  G.P. Putnam, 1990.

            Footnote Example:

            William Wise, In the Strange World of Sea Mammals, p. 123.  

                Parenthetical Example:

            (Wise 123).

            Works Cited Example:  Book with two authors

            Stark, Stacey and Gold, Lilly.  After the Gold Rush.  Denver:  F.R. Sutton, 1991.

            Footnote Example:

            Stacey Clark and Lilly Gold,  After the Gold Rush, p.  145. 

            Second reference: Clark and Gold, p. 134.

            Parenthetical Example:
            (Clark and Gold 134).

Encyclopedia Entry     back to Top

            1. Author’s last name, first name.  (Note: Author of the article in the encyclopedia)

            2. “Article title,”

            3. Encyclopedia.

            4. copyright date.

            Works Cited Example:  Printed encyclopedia

            Landes, Ken.  “Marble.”  Collier’s Encyclopedia.  1998 ed.

            Footnote Example:

            Ken Landes, “Marble,” Collier’s Encyclopedia, vol. 23, p.  45. 

            Parenthetical Example:

            (Landes 47).

           

Periodical/Magazine     back to Top

            1. Author’s last name, first name.

            2. “Title of the article.”

            3. Magazine,

            4. Day Month Year

            5. Page number.

            Works Cited Example:  A signed article

            Bed, Bill.  “The Shrinking N.B.A.”  Sports Illustrated, 15 Dec. 1997: 45.

            Footnote Example:

            Bill Bed, “The Shrinking N.B.A.,” Sports Illustrated, 15 Dec. 1997: 45. 

            Parenthetical Example:

             (Bed 46)

            Works Cited Example:  An unsigned article

            “Which Way Did They Go?”  Discovery, 6 Jan. 1997: 23-25.

            Footnote Example:

            “Which Way Did They Go?” Discovery, 6 Jan. 1997: 23.

             Parenthetical Example:

             ("Which" 23)

           

Newspaper Article     back to Top

            1. Author’s last name, first name.

            2. “Title of article.”

            3. Newspaper

            4. Day Month Year.

            5. page.

            Works Cited Example: A signed article

            Forest, Fred.  “Timber Harvests in the Pacific Northwest.”  Seattle Times, 20 Nov. 1988: 30.

            Footnote Example:

            Fred Forest, “Timber Harvests in the Pacific Northwest,” Seattle Times, 20 Nov. 1988: 30. 

            Parenthetical Example:

             (Forest 30)

            Example:  An unsigned article

            “The Fate of the Space Needle.”  Seattle Times, 24 Feb. 1978: A3.

             Parenthetical Example:

             ("Fate" A3)

Series     back to Top

            1. Author’s last name, first name.

            2. Title.

            3. Series title, number. (if present)

            4. Place of  publication:

            5. Publisher, date.

            Works Cited Example:

            Jones, Bob.  A History of the Modern World.  Cambridge History of  Man, 21.  

            Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1900.

            Footnote Example:

            Bob James, A History of the Modern World, Cambridge History of Man, 21, p. 2.

            Parenthetical Example:

             (James 5)

 

Anthology     back to Top

            1. Author’s last name, first name.

            2. “Title of selection”

            3. Title of anthology.

            4. Editor of anthology

            5. Place of publication:

            6. Publisher, date.

            Works Cited Example:

            Orwell, G.  “Politics and the English Language.” in A Collection of Essays. Ed. Joe Smith.

            Garden City: Bob’s Publishing, 1995.

            Footnote Example:

            G. Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,” in A Collection of Essays, p.  567.

            Parenthetical Example: 

             (Orwell 678).

Interview     back to Top

            1. Name of interviewee

            2. Name of interviewer,

            3. Location of interview,

            4. Time of interview,

            5. Date of interview.

            Works Cited Example:

            Harding, Tanya.  Interviewed by Connie Chung, Ice Arena, Portland, OR., 8:00 p.m., Feb. 7, 1994.

            Footnote Example:

            Tanya Harding, Interviewed by Connie Chung, Feb. 7, 1994.  Second reference: Harding, Interview.

            Parenthetical Example:

             (Harding)

 

Internet Resources     back to Top

             Web Site:

            1. Author’s last name, first name.

            2. Title of item. [Online]

            3. Available URL,

            4. Date of document or download        

            Works Cited Example:

            Yules, James.  The Cold War. [Online]  Available http://www.usa.coldwar, Nov. 5, 1998.

            Footnote Example:

            James Yules, The Cold War. [Online]  

             Parenthetical Example:

             (Yules)

             Online Database:

             1. Author's last name, first name.

             2. "Title of article."

             3. Original source of the article

             4. Date of original source: page numbers.

             5. Name of the Database used.

            6. Name of the service.

             7. Name of the library, City, State.

             8. Date of access

             9. <URL of database homepage>

             Works Cited Example:

            Frick, Robert. "Investing in Medical Miracles." Kiplinger's Personal Finance Feb. 1999: 80-87.

             SIRS Researcher. ProQuest Information and Learning. North Library, Anytown, TX. 25 

             Feb. 2004 <http://www.sirs.com>.

                Footnote Example:

                 Frick, Robert, "Investing in Medical Miracles," Kiplinger's Personal Finance Feb. 

             1999: 80-87, SIRS Researcher, ProQuest Information and Learning, North Library, 

             Anytown, TX, 25 Feb. 2004 <http://www.sirs.com>.

                Parenthetical Example:

             (Frick 88)

        

Email     back to Top

            1. Author’ last name, first name.

            2. Subject line of the message.  [Online]

            3. Available email:,

            4. Date of document

            Works Cited Example:

            Jones, Bob.  Nile River project.  [Online]  Available email: tjones@nileproject.egypt.org, 

             Sept.25, 1997.

            Footnote Example:

            Bob James, Nile River project. [Online]  James, Nile River project.

             Parenthetical Example:

             (James)

Recording on Tape/CD/Record, etc.      back to Top

            1. Name of Artist.

            2. “Title of Song.”

            3. Title of Album

            4. Recording company,

            5. Serial number,

            6. Date.

            Works Cited Example:

            Collins, Phil.  “Another Day in Paradise.”  But Seriously Album.  MCA Records, MCA 9-1003, 1989.

            Footnote Example:

            Phil Collins, “Another Day in Paradise,” But Seriously Album.  

             Parenthetical Example:

             (Collins)   

Television or Radio Program      back to Top

            1. Name of Program.

            2. City or Origin:

            3. Network,

            4. Date.

            Example:

NBC Nightly News.  New York:  NBC-TV, Feb. 17, 1996.

The Works Cited list

                A works cited list is located on a separate page or pages after the last page of the paper and is made up of only those sources that you actually used to prepare the final copy of  your paper. The words Work Cited should appear at the top of the page and centered.  The list is arranged alphabetically by the first important word of the citation.  Each citation is single spaced with double spacing between each citation.  The second line of the citation is indented 5 spaces.

 

The footnotes

                Number your footnotes consecutively.  The first line of each footnote is indented 5 spaces and begins with its corresponding number from the text placed slightly above the line.  You may use the underlined word Ibid. to refer to a source noted in the immediately preceding footnote.  If the page number is different from the preceding footnote place a comma after Ibid. and write the new page number. Example:  Ibid., p.  9.

 

The parenthetical citation

                Another way to acknowledge another's words, ideas or facts is to use a parenthetical citation.  The parenthetical citation indicates that the information comes from a book or other source that is  included in the works cited list at the end of your paper.  The parenthetical reference precedes the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause or phrase containing the borrowed material.

Example: (Smith 65)  If  the author's name is used in the text than put only the page numbers in the citation. Example: (65)

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